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Validation of Dielectric Constant Measurements: A Case Study with Air in the X-Band


Saud Aldhafyan 2025/06/22 03:37

I am conducting measurements of the dielectric constant of air in the X-band frequency range (8-12 GHz) as a method to verify the accuracy of my measurement setup. I've generated a graph of my results, but I've had difficulty finding comparable data or confirmation in existing literature. Could you please review my graph and provide feedback on its correctness, particularly regarding the expected behavior of the dielectric constant of air at these frequencies?"

Sam Reaves 2025/06/22 12:11

What were your test conditions? Dry Air? If so, how dry? Measurement
techniques?

Perhaps there have been some research papers on this but IIRC dry air is Dk
of 1.

Sam

Sam Reaves
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Staff Scientist Andritz Rolls Global Research Center (RETIRED)



On Sun, Jun 22, 2025 at 12:00 PM Saud Aldhafyan via groups.io <Aldhafyans=
gmail.com@groups.io> wrote:

bobuhito 2025/06/22 12:09

Sorry, I don't have data, but my instinct is that this is a
measurement artifact, not real.  Can you rerun in a vacuum
chamber with 10% of the air to confirm that the rise at
9 GHz (by the way, it's strange that you plotted this
upside-down, so it's really a drop in your plot) goes away?

gary miller 2025/06/22 15:06

Please see attached reference and data for dry nitrogen.



![image0.jpeg](cid:mf_885EF53D-2AAC-44C0-A174-DDB12329F2E4/L0/001)![image1.jpeg](cid:mf_8DECC2A8-95E0-47B6-B01B-F55C99FF7AD2/L0/001)



> On Jun 22, 2025, at 09:00, Saud Aldhafyan via groups.io
<Aldhafyans=gmail.com@groups.io> wrote:
>
>

> 

>

>
>

> I am conducting measurements of the dielectric constant of air in the X-band
frequency range (8-12 GHz) as a method to verify the accuracy of my
measurement setup. I've generated a graph of my results, but I've had
difficulty finding comparable data or confirmation in existing literature.
Could you please review my graph and provide feedback on its correctness,
particularly regarding the expected behavior of the dielectric constant of air
at these frequencies?"

>

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* * *

W4JDY1953_G 2025/06/23 19:39

On base as we work with them.



Not to be a party popper, but you tell them what you used to measure with and this report does not qualify the test device.



Been through this before.



But if they accept these measurements and accept the device in writing, that will help others here and perhaps I can backdoor UL and 3 other metrology labs used by the USG and DoD.



Great to see you take the initiative.



W4JDY

Saud Aldhafyan 2025/06/24 21:45

Thank you for the feedback — I understand your point completely. You’re right
that the equipment and method used need to be clearly stated for the results
to carry weight for qualification or verification. In this case, I’m using a
calibrated Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) with an X‑band waveguide test
fixture, and the measured data for air (ε′ ≈ 1.0, ε″ ≈ ~0) is behaving as
expected across 8–12 GHz. This is mainly intended as a sanity check for the
measurement setup, not as a formal qualification.



If this data can be used as a supporting measure and the device is eventually
accepted in writing, I’m open to that and can certainly help compile the
details. I agree this approach could be beneficial for others as well, and I’m
happy you recognize the initiative. Thanks again for sharing your experience —
it’s very helpful!





> On 24 Jun 2025, at 9:01 PM, W4JDY1953_G via groups.io
<W4JDY1953=gmail.com@groups.io> wrote:
>
>

> 

>

> On base as we work with them.

>

>
>

> Not to be a party popper, but you tell them what you used to measure with
and this report does not qualify the test device.

>

>
>

> Been through this before.

>

>
>

> But if they accept these measurements and accept the device in writing, that
will help others here and perhaps I can backdoor UL and 3 other metrology labs
used by the USG and DoD.

>

>
>

> Great to see you take the initiative.

>

>
>

> W4JDY

>

>
>

> **From:** NanoVNAV2@groups.io <NanoVNAV2@groups.io> **On Behalf Of** gary
miller via groups.io
> **Sent:** Sunday, June 22, 2025 6:07 PM
> **To:** NanoVNAV2@groups.io
> **Cc:** NanoVNAV2@groups.io
> **Subject:** Re: [nanovnav2] Validation of Dielectric Constant
Measurements: A Case Study with Air in the X-Band

>

>
>

> Please see attached reference and data for dry nitrogen.

>

>
>

> <image001.jpg>

>

> <image002.jpg>

>

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>

>

>> On Jun 22, 2025, at 09:00, Saud Aldhafyan via groups.io
<[Aldhafyans=gmail.com@groups.io](mailto:Aldhafyans=gmail.com@groups.io)>
wrote:

>

>> 

>>

>>
>>

>> I am conducting measurements of the dielectric constant of air in the
X-band frequency range (8-12 GHz) as a method to verify the accuracy of my
measurement setup. I've generated a graph of my results, but I've had
difficulty finding comparable data or confirmation in existing literature.
Could you please review my graph and provide feedback on its correctness,
particularly regarding the expected behavior of the dielectric constant of air
at these frequencies?"

>>

>>
>>

>>
>>

>>
>>

>>
>>

>>
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>>
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>> <inline.0.part>

>

>
> [![](https://s-install.avcdn.net/ipm/preview/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-
orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif)](https://www.avast.com/sig-
email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-
email&utm_content=emailclient)| Virus-
free.[www.avast.com](https://www.avast.com/sig-
email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-
email&utm_content=emailclient)
> ---|---

_._,_._,_

* * *

Jim Lux 2025/06/25 06:32

[| [The Dielectric Constant of Dry Air](https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-
abstract/23/5/501/159755/The-Dielectric-Constant-of-Dry-
Air?redirectedFrom=fulltext)[pubs.aip.org](https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-
abstract/23/5/501/159755/The-Dielectric-Constant-of-Dry-
Air?redirectedFrom=fulltext)| [![apple-touch-
icon.png](cid:986763CE-A82B-4576-933D-E38D8A4CEDB0)](https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-
abstract/23/5/501/159755/The-Dielectric-Constant-of-Dry-
Air?redirectedFrom=fulltext)
---|---
](https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-abstract/23/5/501/159755/The-
Dielectric-Constant-of-Dry-Air?redirectedFrom=fulltext)



But you know, I’d trust Von Hippel.



[
](https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-abstract/23/5/501/159755/The-
Dielectric-Constant-of-Dry-Air?redirectedFrom=fulltext)





> On Jun 24, 2025, at 11:01, W4JDY1953_G via groups.io
<W4JDY1953=gmail.com@groups.io> wrote:
>
>

> 

>

> On base as we work with them.

>

>
>

> Not to be a party popper, but you tell them what you used to measure with
and this report does not qualify the test device.

>

>
>

> Been through this before.

>

>
>

> But if they accept these measurements and accept the device in writing, that
will help others here and perhaps I can backdoor UL and 3 other metrology labs
used by the USG and DoD.

>

>
>

> Great to see you take the initiative.

>

>
>

> W4JDY

>

>
>

> **From:** NanoVNAV2@groups.io <NanoVNAV2@groups.io> **On Behalf Of** gary
miller via groups.io
> **Sent:** Sunday, June 22, 2025 6:07 PM
> **To:** NanoVNAV2@groups.io
> **Cc:** NanoVNAV2@groups.io
> **Subject:** Re: [nanovnav2] Validation of Dielectric Constant
Measurements: A Case Study with Air in the X-Band

>

>
>

> Please see attached reference and data for dry nitrogen.

>

>
>

> <image001.jpg>

>

> <image002.jpg>

>

>
>
>

>

>> On Jun 22, 2025, at 09:00, Saud Aldhafyan via groups.io
<[Aldhafyans=gmail.com@groups.io](mailto:Aldhafyans=gmail.com@groups.io)>
wrote:

>

>> 

>>

>>
>>

>> I am conducting measurements of the dielectric constant of air in the
X-band frequency range (8-12 GHz) as a method to verify the accuracy of my
measurement setup. I've generated a graph of my results, but I've had
difficulty finding comparable data or confirmation in existing literature.
Could you please review my graph and provide feedback on its correctness,
particularly regarding the expected behavior of the dielectric constant of air
at these frequencies?"

>>

>>
>>

>>
>>

>>
>>

>>
>>

>>
>>

>>
>>

>>
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>>
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>>
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>>
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>> <inline.0.part>

>

>
> [![](https://s-install.avcdn.net/ipm/preview/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-
orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif)](https://www.avast.com/sig-
email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-
email&utm_content=emailclient)| Virus-
free.[www.avast.com](https://www.avast.com/sig-
email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-
email&utm_content=emailclient)
> ---|---

_._,_._,_

* * *

W4JDY1953_G 2025/06/29 18:38

I used to have a boat anchor Vector Analyzer, but when I no longer was the Joint Service SIGNINT Lead SE, I sold it off.



But reviewing AF programs for compliance, I still keep an eye on the test equipment metrology for DT&E and OT&E reasons.



These small handheld analyzers are amazing still.



W4JDY

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